One assumption inherent in the matrix is that the joints are fastened with a power tool capable of accurate and repeatable shut-off, such that operator influence is unlikely. Note that angle of rotation is listed as a problem, though only a subset of controlled tools can report angle. Thread strip, bolt failure and high prevailing torque are easily detected with any type of tool. However, they represent extreme problems.

Knowing the angle required to rotate the fastener from a known and repeatable starting point to the target torque provides insight into joint conditions between those extremes. Angle of rotation governs the clamp load, and that, in turn, determines the reliability of most joints.

While not as convenient or accurate as an integral angle encoder, rotation angle can be determined manually by match-marking. Such manual measurements are not done on every joint, so problems caused by clamp load being outside the expected range are not realized until product is in the field. This is one of the main drivers in the expanded use of sensored tools.

       Common Installation Problems with Threaded Fasteners