In the past, manufacturing was all about push. Each assembly line was given a list of things to make, and it made them. The list was singularly crafted to squeeze the most out of the line. It was the same for the big machines within the factories. The machines were pushed a list of parts to pound out that was designed around their setup and changeover limitations. It was the zenith of local optimization.
The factory was carved up into small fiefdoms with high walls between them that delineated boundaries used to calculate metrics. Material was pushed across interfaces early and often. It stacked up just over the border, and efficiency blossomed within the artificial accounting fiefdoms.