3D Printing Gets Warm and Fuzzy
Soft and cuddly aren't words used to describe the plastic or metal things typically produced by today's 3D printers. However, a new type of device developed by engineers at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Disney Research Pittsburgh can turn wool and wool blend yarns into fabric objects that people might actually enjoy touching.
The device looks something like a cross between a 3D printer and a sewing machine and produces 3D objects made of a form of loose felt. Scott Hudson, a professor in CMU’s Human-Computer Interaction Institute who developed the felting printer with Disney Research support, claims the results are reminiscent of hand-knitted materials.
“I see this material being used for things that are held close,” says Hudson. “We’re really extending the set of materials available for 3D printing and opening up new possibilities for what can be manufactured.”
That could include apparel, accessories such as scarves and hats, and even teddy bears. It also might be used to produce parts for “soft robots” (robots designed to touch or be near people).
Like other 3D printers, Hudson’s machine can make objects by working directly from computerized designs. The operation of the machine is similar to Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), the most common process used in low-end 3D printers. In a FDM printer, melted plastic is extruded in a thin line into a layer and subsequent layers are added to achieve the object’s desired shape, with the layers adhering to each other as the plastic cools.
In the felting printer, however, the printer head feeds out yarn instead of lines of melted plastic. A barbed felting needle attached to the printer head then repeatedly pierces the yarn, dragging down individual fibers into the yarn in the layers below, entangling the fibers and bonding the layers together.
According to Hudson, the printer does’t achieve the same dimensional accuracy as conventional 3D printers, because the yarn is much thicker than the layers of plastic deposited in FDM printing.
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“The felt also is not as strong as typical fabric,” Hudson points out. “So, if the soft objects are to be attached to a hard object, a layer of nylon mesh fabric must be incorporated during the printing process. This provides reinforcement to prevent the material from ripping away at the attachment point.”
Hudson has developed techniques for bridging between the soft and hard materials, for manipulating the degree of stiffness in the soft objects, and for incorporating electronic components.
“These techniques require some assembly of objects, because the printer now produces only fabric objects,” says Hudson. “But, it should be possible to design a printer that could produce both fabric and plastic elements in a single fabrication.
“A number of researchers are looking at mixed materials in 3D printing,” notes Hudson. “That’s one of the most interesting challenges now.”
Click here to see a video showing how the felting printer works.
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