However, it will be difficult to mass produce personalized vehicles with a manufacturing process and value chain designed for high-volume, low-mix production.

The automobile manufacturing value chain consists of a press shop, body shop, paint shop and assembly. The assembly process is different from other processes in terms of automation. The level of automation in press shops, body shops and paint shops is usually very high. Many are nearly 100 percent automated. However, final assembly is difficult to automate due to the complexity of the tasks and diversity of the parts.

One way to achieve mass individualization while maintaining various automation levels is to decouple final assembly from the value chain. The press shop, body shop and paint shop would continue as mass production centers in central locations, while final assembly would be carried out in separate micro factories located in urban areas. The assembly process does not need to be physically located with the other manufacturing processes. Instead, it can be moved to an urban area where the labor supply is elastic. Low-volume, high-mix production can be realized with this model.

However, one obstacle to establishing an assembly plant in a city is the limitation on building size. It can be difficult to secure a large empty space to install conveyor lines. Such lines are essential for traditional automotive assembly plants designed for low-mix, high-volume production. But, in urban assembly plants, such lines will become inflexible and expensive monuments. For mass individualization, urban assembly plants must adopt asynchronous production systems. They must be designed for maximum flexibility and minimal capital investment.

A conveyor-less design solves that problem. Better still, it’s a perfect fit for EV assembly, because the number of components required for EVs is much less compared with gas-powered vehicles.

Automotive assembly plants have been built in urban areas since the industry’s birth. However, a notable change in recent years is the urbanization of EV production. Several examples come to mind.

The first is the micro factory that Arrival, the U.K. EV startup, built in Rock Hill, SC, in 2021. Arrival aims to make electric buses and vans as inexpensive as possible. Aluminum is used instead of steel for the frame. Body panels are made from proprietary composite materials. Without the need for hundreds of acres of land and specially purposed buildings, the micro factory was built in an existing empty warehouse space in about six months. The factory does not have expensive metal-stamping presses, welding or paint shops, and fixed conveyor lines. Instead, a flat skateboard chassis is assembled from extruded aluminum parts. Body panels are bonded with aerospace-grade adhesives. And, finishing is performed by dying the composite material or wrapping the vehicle. AGVs transport components instead of conveyor lines.

Another example is e.GO Mobile’s EV assembly plant in Aachen, Germany. Founded in 2015, e.GO started at RWTH Aachen University in Aachen. This plant maximizes the advantages of urban infrastructure without violating the environmental standards of the residential area. For instance, emission-related adjustments and noise insulation measures have been adopted to mitigate the impact of the factory on local residents. Inbound and outbound logistics are set up in such a way as to divert the traffic from adjacent residential areas.

A third example is Volkswagen’s assembly plant in Dresden, Germany. The factory was built in 2001 with a glass structure that allows people to see inside. Initially, more than 17,000 citizens signed a petition against the factory construction because of expected exhaust emissions and inbound and outbound trucks. However, the factory eventually got the green light after VW adopted the innovative idea of using the public tram infrastructure, called CarGoTram, to deliver materials and products. The plant now produces 72 e-Golfs per day in two shifts.

One more urban car factory that is expected to attract the attention of the industry is the Singapore Hyundai Mobility Global Innovation Center. Scheduled to open in the second half of 2022, the smart factory is said to have been designed to connect people, nature and technology.

VEHICLE AS A CONVEYOR

An urban automotive assembly plant should be designed for maximum flexibility, minimal capital investment and asynchronous production. That points away conveyors and favors autonomous transport technologies. Two options are available: autonomous mobile robots (AMR) and VaaC.

AMRs are vehicles that are equipped with on-board sensors to autonomously move vehicles or materials along predefined paths without the need for magnetic tapes on the floor.

In VaaC, the EV guides itself through the assembly process. A sensor skid, temporarily attached under the EV, guides the EV based on local sensing and communication with a high-level fleet management system. The skid is designed to be easily removed at the end of the assembly. The skid body has a set of pins that temporarily engage with locating holes in the underbody. The skid is equipped with numerous sensors that detect objects around the EV.

As an alternative to the sensor skid, a safety-sensor guidance system can be used. The guidance system is mounted to the chassis and temporarily takes control of the vehicle’s control system. In essence, the EV becomes an autonomous vehicle. The guidance system includes a sensor, a transceiver and an emergency stop device. The sensor detects intrusion into a predetermined zone. The range is dictated by standards for safety-rated sensing and stopping distances. The guidance system also includes a path projector, which projects a visible beam forward from the vehicle. In some cases, the guidance system might have multiple sensors at one or more corners of the chassis. Each sensor can be configured to sense in a three-dimensional volume, so that the volumes overlap to create a buffer zone around the chassis.

Another technology that will enable conveyor-less assembly systems is vehicle-powered positioning devices. In a typical car plant, special equipment is used to lift or tilt vehicles to optimize working positions for assemblers. However, such equipment requires a significant amount of electrical power and is not easily reconfigured. Instead, it would be desirable to use a vehicle-powered device to position the vehicle. Such a device would not require an external power supply, and it would also save space.

The positioning device would be actuated by one or more wheels of the vehicle without a need for external power. It would consist of two rollers, a belt and a passive motion device. Instead of a belt, the device may include other mechanisms, such as a chain, drive shaft or hydraulics. When a wheel of the vehicle is positioned and interlocked between the two rollers, the movement of the wheel drives the belt, actuating the passive motion device, which lifts the vehicle up or down.

In the near future, we can imagine a scenario in which the car factory, per se, ceases to exist and is combined with car dealerships. Using the VaaC concept and a skateboard-type car design platform, a micro factory could be built in the warehouse of a car dealership. Then, vehicle components—the skateboard, the body components, the seats, glass, console, etc.—are shipped from suppliers directly to the dealer. The dealer assembles vehicles and delivers them to customers through an order-to-delivery system. We can call this a point-of-sale factory, which is one possible practical scenario of using our proposed technology.